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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for violent crime (brazil)
4 results foundAuthor: Morrison, Andrew Title: Crime, Violence and Economic Development in Brazil: Elements for Effective Public Policy Summary: Crime and violence rates are high in Brazil. In 2002 the country’s homicide rate—32 per 100,000 inhabitants — was the fourth-highest in Latin America and the Caribbean. Not only is the Brazil’s homicide rate quite high, it also has more than doubled since 1980. The prevalence of other forms of violence and crime are also worrying: according to data from victimization surveys, Brazil in the mid-1990s had the highest rate of victimization for robbery and sexual assault among 16 developing countries included in the survey; more recent data for 2001 show continued high rates of robbery and theft, with 9.8 percent of individuals being victimized. Intimate partner violence affects one in three Brazilian women. This report documents levels and trends in violence and crime in Brazil since 1980 and estimates the impact that crime and violence have on the country’s economy. But describing magnitudes and costs is only the first step; the report’s more fundamental contributions are to provide a critical survey of approaches to public safety in Brazil and to identify good practices in the prevention of crime and violence through analyses of initiatives in Brazil and — where relevant — other countries. The report is organized as follows. It first discusses crime and violence in Brazil, its magnitude (chapter 1) and determinants and costs (chapter 2). It then reviews various public policy approaches used in Brazil to address crime and violence – presenting an overview of the types of interventions used (chapter 3). The remaining chapters discuss some of the key public policy experiences in public safety in Brazil: responses that have come from the public health perspective, namely those addressing youth violence, arms control, and the control of alcohol sales (chapter 4); a criminal justice perspective, examining some of the key issues around police reform (chapter 5); and some of the cross sectoral approaches, in particular looking at genderbased violence, integrated municipal programs and the use of geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool for effective public safety policy across different sectors (chapter 6). Finally, the report approximates the cost effectiveness of various crime prevention initiatives in Brazil, using parameters from impact evaluations of comparable programs from outside Brazil and cost data from these Brazilian initiatives (chapter 7). The last chapter of the report offers conclusions and some recommendations for public policy at the federal, state and municipal levels (chapter 8). Details: Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006. 129p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2010 at: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Security/citizensecurity/brazil/documents/docworldbank.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Brazil URL: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Security/citizensecurity/brazil/documents/docworldbank.pdf Shelf Number: 110841 Keywords: Crime Statistics (Brazil)Economics (Brazil)Victimization (Brazil)Violent Crime (Brazil) |
Author: Fraga, Paulo Cesar Pontes Title: Urban Brazil: Drug Trafficking and Violence Summary: Throughout the 1980s, Brazil has gone through a phenomenon classified by experts as an epidemiological transition. In the beginning of this period, infectious-parasitic diseases were the leading cause of mortality in the population. By the end of the 80s, these had fallen to second place, after external causes or violent deaths. At the beginning of the decade, violence was the fourth cause of death. Aside from being a public health problem, the changes in these indicators brought changes in the behaviour of the population and in inter-institutional, cultural and social relations. Violence has become more visible in Brazilian society. A paradoxical aspect of this phenomenon is that increases in violence, most notably criminal violence, intensified at the end of the military dictatorship and the beginning of the transition to democracy. Coincidentally, it was in 1989 – the year of the first free presidential elections since 1960 – that external causes (violence) became the leading cause of death. In other words, the period of the military regime, which maintained its power through a constant and indiscriminate use of extreme violence – such as arbitrary and illegal persecutions and imprisonment, torture of political and common prisoners, assassinations of leftist political leaders and/or those opposed to the regime – had lower rates of violent death than the civilian government administrations that followed. As we will see further on, in the 1990s there was a new upsurge in these indicators. The fact is that the same system of domination by elites was prevalent under both the military and civilian governments. The reestablishment of open elections was not capable of generating effectively democratic institutions in which the people trusted and which could be controlled by society. Analyses point out that, far from legitimate uses of violence and the construction of a consensus, security forces resorted to abuse of power and torture in order to control certain sectors of the population. Further, corruption also became characteristic of police action – a practice that existed in the authoritarian period and intensified after the end of the dictatorship, representing an institutional continuity. Details: Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 2004. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Drugs and Conflict No. 11: Accessed July 3, 2013 at: http://www.tni.org/sites/www.tni.org/archives/crime-docs/RioDC11.pdf Year: 2004 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.tni.org/sites/www.tni.org/archives/crime-docs/RioDC11.pdf Shelf Number: 129239 Keywords: Drug TraffickingHomicidesViolenceViolent Crime (Brazil) |
Author: Koppensteiner, Martin Foureaux Title: The Effect of Violence on Birth Outcomes: Evidence from Homicides in Rural Brazil Summary: This paper uses microdata from Brazilian vital statistics natality and mortality data between 2000 and 2010 to estimate the impact of in-utero exposure to local violence -measured by homicide rates- on birth outcomes. Focusing on small communities, where it is more plausible that local homicide rates reflect actual exposure to violence, the analysis shows that exposure to violence during pregnancy leads to deterioration in birth outcomes: one extra homicide during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the probability of low birthweight by around 6 percent. Results are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence compounds the disadvantage that these children already suffer as a result of their households' lower socioeconomic status. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, Institutions for Development, 2013. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: IDB Working Paper Series No. IDB-WP-416: Accessed November 1, 2013 at: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=37872082 Year: 2013 Country: Brazil URL: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=37872082 Shelf Number: 131582 Keywords: Children and ViolenceHomicidesSocioeconomic StatusViolent Crime (Brazil) |
Author: Koppensteiner, Martin Foureaux Title: Violence and Birth Outcomes: Evidence From Homicides in Brazil Summary: This paper uses microdata from Brazilian natality and mortality vital statistics between 2000 and 2010 to estimate the impact of in-utero exposure to local violence - measured by homicide rates - on birth outcomes. The estimates shows that exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of low birthweight and prematurity. Effects are found in both rural areas, where homicides are rare, and in urban areas, where violence is endemic. Our estimates imply that homicides in Brazil are responsible for at least 0.5 percent of the incidence of low birthweight (<=2.5 kg) and 3 percent of the incidence of extremely low birthweight (<=1 kg). Details: London: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, 2015. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: CEP Discussion Paper No 1323: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1323.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Brazil URL: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1323.pdf Shelf Number: 135269 Keywords: Children and Violence Homicides Socioeconomic Status Violent Crime (Brazil) |